A ship always has hazards around her while she sails across the sea. Most of these dangers belong to the troubling waters and the weather conditions outside. Heavy weather overhead and lightning are a big part of these elements too. Hence, it is critical to understand how ships are protected from Lightning incidents.

船在海上航行时，周围总是有危险。这些危险大多来自于令人不安的海水和外界的天气状况。高空的恶劣天气和闪电也是这些元素的重要组成部分。因此，了解如何保护船只免受雷击事件的影响至关重要。

Many risks originate from such incidents of the loose electrical outbreak of any nature. However, lightning is not the only electrical hazard present for ships to deal with. Many short circuit incidents prove to be life-taking for seagoing vessels every year.

许多风险源于任何性质的电气松动事故。然而，闪电并不是船舶需要处理的唯一电气危险。事实证明，每年都有许多海船因短路而丧命。

More than 1,200 electrical accidents and incidents of major and minor nature occur every year. Under such conditions, the ships earthing systems installations become essential for every size of the vessel. Such systems protect the internal electrical hazards and also any external electrical risks too.

每年发生的大小电气事故超过1200起。在这种情况下，船舶接地系统的安装对于任何规模的船舶都是必不可少的。这样的系统可以保护内部的电气危险以及任何外部电气风险。

The article explains how modern-day ships exhibit their ability to deal with Lightning incidents. It also includes their earthing design and how the neutral system works onboard. We also identify the probable risks if such incidents or the current breaks happen too often.

这篇文章解释了现代船舶展示其如何处理雷电事件的能力。还包括它们的接地设计以及中性点系统如何在船上工作。如果此类事件或当前的中断过于频繁，我们还可以识别可能的风险。

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船舶接地系统的工作

The purpose of an Earthing connection on the electrical systems is to handle the flow of leaking current. Any waste charge flows through these connections, saving the equipment and the lines. It resolves the possible hazards that come from such an outbreak.

电气系统上接地连接的目的是处理泄漏电流。任何泄露的电流都会通过这些连接，从而节省设备和线路。它解决了此类电力爆发可能带来的危险。

A current break or leak can occur from different sources, a few of which include:

电流断流或泄漏可能有不同的来源，其中包括：

 ● A glitch or cut in the wire or transmission lines leading to the electrical leaks

导致漏电的电线或输电线路的故障或切断

 ● A piece of faulty equipment such as broken motor winding

损坏的设备，如损坏的电机绕组

 ● A fault in the circuit breakers or the electrical panel leading to a major current surge

断路器或电气面板的故障，导致大电流激增

船舶接地设计的性质

Cargo and Passenger ships earthing systems are insulated neutral, in contrast to the land designs of earthing neutral. It means that the neutral does not have direct tapping to the earth and has an insulating nature.

货轮和客轮的接地系统采用绝缘中性点接地，与陆地中性点接地的设计不同。这意味着中性点不直接接地，具有绝缘性质。

Hence, there is no direct pathway for the leaking current to flow to the earth. Despite this, ships adopt the insulated neutral design because of their critical operations.

因此，泄漏电流没有直接途径流向地球。尽管如此，由于其关键操作，船舶采用绝缘中性设计。

On the land, a single earth fault of severe kind can cause the equipment to trip. It happens because the earthing connection allows a *** route for the current to flow, leading to a surge.

在陆地上，严重的单次接地故障可导致设备跳闸。之所以会发生这种情况，是因为接地连接允许电流通过简单的路径流动，从而导致浪涌。

However, ships do not want their essential machinery to stop working under critical situations. Such lapses will lead to loss of propulsion, electrical power supply, or other incidents. These faults lead to navigation accidents and loss of cargo operations under serious situations.

然而，船舶不希望其基本机械在危急情况下停止工作。此类失误将导致失去推进力、电力供应或其他事故。在严重情况下，这些故障会导致航行事故和货物操作损失。

Steering gear, navigation radar, fire pumps, and engine controls are highly critical equipment. Hence, the insulated neutral allows the machinery to work with one fault across the line.

舵机、导航雷达、消防泵和发动机控制装置是非常关键的设备。因此，绝缘中性点允许机器在线路上出现一个故障时继续工作。

接地故障监测

A trip will happen when there is another earth fault across the other line, leading to interference. The two separate faults across phases cause the current flow to interfere in a hazardous manner.

当另一条线路上出现另一个接地故障，导致干扰时，将发生跳闸。相间的两个独立故障会以一种危险的方式引起电流干扰。

Moreover, the higher number of machinery within a ship gives rise to more possibilities of earth faults. However, a short circuit is critical and does not usually occur because of the monitoring systems.

此外，船上的机械设备越多，接地故障的可能性就越大。然而，短路是至关重要的，但是因为监控系统而通常不会发生。

The monitoring system indicates the magnitude of the earth-fault for an initial idea. It helps the engineers on board to detect and isolate the faulty line and the equipment.

监测系统指示接地故障的大小，这是一个初步的设想。它帮助船上的轮机员检测并隔离故障线路和设备。

While the zones or equipment are not detectable, the step-wise fault-finding allows corrections. The indicating needle moves between 0 to infinity, depending on the occurrence of the fault. Hence, the earth fault correction and repairs take place to prevent any accidental trip.

虽然区域或设备无法检测到，但逐步查找故障可以进行纠正。指示针根据故障的发生情况在0到∞之间移动。因此，接地故障的纠正和维修，以防止任何意外跳闸。

可能的风险

In the event of breakages within ships earthing systems, many risks loom large. The most severe situations coming from the possible earth fault and trips will be:

一旦船舶接地系统发生故障，许多风险就会凸显出来。来自可能的接地故障和跳闸的最严重的情况将是:

01、火灾危险

These can be from the possible sparks that result from the wires or the loose connections. Moreover, the overheating of systems before the equipment trip can result in fires too.

这些可能是由于导线或连接松动可能产生的火花造成的。此外，设备跳闸前系统过热也可能导致火灾。

Fires are the scariest of shipboard risks due to their engulfing nature. The critical elements onboard do not have any other means of substitution. Once these systems catch fire, the total loss of ship control and accident becomes inevitable.

由于火灾的吞噬性，火灾是船上最可怕的危险。船上的关键部件没有任何其他替代方法。一旦这些系统着火，船舶完全失去控制，事故将不可避免。

02、短路

The short circuit originating from these faults is a risk to the equipment. Under changing conditions, the short-circuit can lead to complete breakdown and failure too.

由这些故障引起的短路对设备是一个风险。在不断变化的条件下，短路也可能导致完全损坏和故障。

While there is protecting equipment in the line, a saving action does not guarantee from them. The rapid surges can also lead to overload trips or blackouts which becomes a threat to stability.

虽然管线中有保护设备，但不能保证他们会采取保护措施。快速电涌还可能导致过载跳闸或停电，从而对稳定性造成威胁。

03、生命的威胁

A fault in the earthing system creates a live nature of the current passage. It means any contact with the naked limb will give an easy way for current.

接地系统故障会造成电流通道带电。这意味着，任何与裸露肢体的接触都会造成触电。

The current creates a shock leading to cardiac arrest or permanent damage to the body part. Almost 1400 incidents of varying nature of electrical shocks occur on ships every year.

电流造成电击，导致心脏骤停或身体部位永久性损伤。每年在船舶上发生近1400起不同性质的电击事件。

船舶防雷

To understand how ships are protected from lightning, the probable effects are equally important. It includes the understanding of the nature of lightning bolts and how they disturb the vessels. Moreover, the possible outcome of these lightning strikes and their hazards are equally important.

要了解船只如何免受雷击，可能的影响同样重要。它包括了解闪电的性质以及它们如何干扰船只。此外，这些雷击的可能后果及其危害也同样重要。

为了了解如何保护船只免受雷电的影响，可能的影响也同样重要。它包括理解闪电的性质以及它们如何干扰船只。此外，这些雷击的可能后果及其危害也同样重要。

01、海上闪电

The lightning and thunder at sea need a path of movement like on land. During storms, the clouds have a changing polarization within themselves. It leads to the separation of charges, with the electrons at the bottom half.

海上的雷电需要一条像陆地上一样的运动路径。在风暴期间，云层内部的极化会发生变化。它导致电荷分离，电子位于下半部分。

These negative charges are ready to combine with the positive polarity of the land su***ce. Hence, a lightning bolt comes out as a way of dissipation of this energy into the Earth.

这些负电荷准备与陆地表面的正极性结合。因此，闪电的出现是将这种能量耗散到地球的一种方式。

These thunderbolts look for an easy way out at sea for the flow of this charge too. It means any conducting su***ce present above the water will provide lighting with an easy way out.

这些闪电也会在海上寻找一种简单的方式来释放电荷。这意味着水面上的任何导电表面都将为闪电提供一个简单的出路。

02、作为导体的船舶

Since current seeks the best and shortest route to ground, the conductors come into play. The nature of the charges to find the best way amplifies in the presence of such bodies. Hence, the floating ships with an all-metal design become the perfect conductor.

由于电流寻求最佳和最短的接地路径，导体发挥作用。在这些物体存在的情况下，寻找最佳方式的电荷性质会放大。因此，全金属设计的浮式船舶成为完美的导体。

Moreover, the height of the ship along with the mast is several meters over the water su***ce. Hence, this path presents a better trajectory for the lightning instead of the air passage. In such conditions, the absence of preventing equipment positions vessels as an ideal conductor of lightning.

而且，船和桅杆的高度都高出水面好数米。因此，这条路径比空气通道为闪电提供了更好的轨迹。在这种情况下，由于没有防雷设备，船只就成了理想的闪电导体。

雷电造成的损害

If ships do not have a protective system for lightning, there will be severe results. The damages do not happen to machinery or equipment but to the people on board too.

如果船舶没有防雷系统，将产生严重的后果。损坏不是发生在机器或设备上，而是发生在船上的人身上。

01、敏感系统

Navigation equipment and communication systems onboard ships operate at relatively low voltages. It means any surge in the power supply can severely damage them or make them useless. Moreover, errors in the signal can originate from such interference too.

船舶上的导航设备和通信系统的工作电压相对较低。这意味着任何电力供应的激增都可能严重损坏它们或使它们失效。此外，信号中的误差也可能源于这种干扰。

Lightning strikes of any magnitude will result in voltage surges at these terminals. It will spoil the equipment or create short circuits, causing risk to navigation safety.

任何大小的雷击都会导致终端的电压浪涌。它会损坏设备或造成短路，从而危及航行安全。

The radar mast, radio antenna, and GPS positioner also fall in the line of action. These instruments have maximum exposure to lightning and are at most risk.

雷达杆、无线电天线和GPS***也处于闪电的行动线上。这些仪器最大限度地暴露在雷电中，风险最大。

02、人类生活

The systems leading to how ships are protected from lightning have a high focus on human lives. Any electrical shocks act as a life-ending impact on the human body. Hence, lightning needs to dissipate into the surroundings before it contacts the people onboard.

如何保护船只免受雷电袭击的系统高度关系着人类的生命。任何电击都会对人体造成致命的影响。因此，闪电在接触到船上的人之前，需要消散到周围环境中。

It includes any small residual current from the lightning in the hull. Moreover, it can also cause damage to the vulnerable property available on the ship.

它包括了船体内闪电的残余电流。此外，它还可能对船上现有的脆弱财产造成损害。

03、火

The sheer impact of a lightning strike causes enough charge movement in a definite time. It creates a volatile environment, leading to fires on board in the region of the impact. Such fires are uncontrollable out at sea when the equipment is out of service after the strike.

雷击的纯粹冲击会在一定时间内引起足够的电荷移动。它造成了一个不稳定的环境，导致撞击区域的船上发生火灾。当设备在罢工后停止使用时，这种火灾在海上是无法控制的。

防雷设备要求

The lightning protection system onboard a vessel contains multiple layers of protection equipment. These elements play different roles in the overall safety protection of a ship against lightning.

船舶上的防雷系统包含多层保护设备。这些要素在船舶防雷的总体安全保护中发挥着不同的作用。

船上防雷系统包含多层防雷设备。这些元素在船舶整体防雷击安全保护中发挥着不同的作用。

01、直接攻击保护

The damages and impact of a direct lightning strike are the sources of lightning hazards. Hence, the protection system needs to mitigate the bolts while contacting the ship’s su***ce. Moreover, the system needs to move the lightning at one point instead to protect the other areas too.

直接雷击的危害和影响是雷电灾害的来源。因此，保护系统需要在接触船舶表面时减轻螺栓的影响。此外，该系统需要将闪电移动到一个点，以保护其他区域。

02、过载保护

A surge in the voltage causes critical components of the vessel operation system to go ineffective. Hence, the lightning protection setup needs to account for surge protection with the bonding arrangement. It also includes the diversion of the lightning strikes to a safe zone onboard for further handling.

电压激增会导致船舶操作系统的关键部件失效。因此，防雷设置需要考虑结合布置的电涌保护。它还包括将雷击转移到船上的安全区域，以便进一步处理。

03、闪光安全

The side risk of a lightning incident onboard is the arc flashes on the systems. These will instantly lead to fires or blasts in the nearby area, causing fatalities and losses. Hence, direct bonding arrangements for all the equipment to a common point becomes essential.

船上发生闪电事件的附带风险是系统上的电弧闪光。这将立即导致附近地区发生火灾或爆炸，造成人员伤亡和损失。因此，将所有设备直接连接到一个公共点就变得至关重要。

04、生命保护

The dissipation of lightning into the hull will impact the people on board with immediate shock. These shocks will range up to several thousand volts, immediately killing everything in sight. Hence, proper grounding arrangement for all the accommodation and other spaces takes care of this hazard.

闪电消散到船体内，会立即冲击到船上的人。这些电击将高达数千伏，能立即杀死眼前的一切。因此，所有起居室和其他空间的适当接地布置可解决该危险。

防雷安装

The lightning protection installation systems are the best explanation of how ships are protected from lightning. The installation starts at the top of the monkey island from the radar mast, progressing towards the hull. The critical elements handle lightning from the time of contact up to its final mitigation.

防雷安装系统是船舶防雷的最好解释。安装从雷达桅杆的顶端开始，向船体推进。关键元件在从接触闪电到最终缓解闪电的过程中负责处理闪电。

空气终端的安装

The air terminal at the mast will be a single rising element with additional electrodes as a cluster. The element gathers the lightning and directs it towards a safe zone for grounding into the electrodes. The voltage rating of these terminals goes up to 500-750 kV for modern systems.

桅杆上的空气终端将是一个单独的上升元件，附加电极簇。该元件收集闪电，并将其引导到一个安全的区域接地电极。对于现代系统，这些终端的额定电压可达500-750千伏。

While the main body is of steel, the inside consists of a series of resistors to lower the intensity. The outer shielding consists of a fibreglass rod that shields the inner elements. These are secured onto the mast base with the help of U-bolts and a rubber clamp for security.

虽然主体是钢制的，但内部由一系列电阻组成，以降低强度。外屏蔽由玻璃纤维棒组成，用来屏蔽内部元件。通过U型螺栓和橡胶夹固定在桅杆底座上以确保安全。

The air terminal further connects to the bonding cable that carries the lightning safely into the water. The crucial components of this unit summarize into:

空气终端进一步连接到连接电缆，该电缆将雷电安全地传输到水中。本单元的关键组成部分总结为：

 ● Upper termination Unit

上部终端装置

 ● U-clamps

U形夹

 ● Fiberglass rod

玻璃纤维杆

 ● Lower Termination Unit

下部终端装置

 ● Bonding Conductor

连接导体

连接电缆

The bonding or the shielding cable connects the air terminal to immersing clamp that acts as ground screws. The high voltage cable contains multiple layers of sheathing and a rating of 1.25 times the air terminal. It ensures the safe handling of any transient surges for safely dissipating them in the water.

连接或屏蔽电缆将空气终端连接到作为接地螺钉的浸入式夹钳上。高压电缆采用多层护套，额定电压为空中终端的1.25倍。它确保安全处理任何瞬态电涌，安全地消散在水中。

浪涌抑制装置

The Surge suppression unit contains individual breakers and fuses, and the interconnection to a surging box. These contain single-phase and 3-phase power supply protection kits of different ratings. A common example is that of the trademark 3DR100KA-385-NE100 surge protection setup.

浪涌抑制装置包含单独的断路器和保险丝，以及与浪涌箱的互连。这些包含不同额定值的单相和三相电源保护套件。一个常见的型号是商标为3DR100KA-385-NE100的浪涌保护装置。

The surge protection box also has connections from several critical elements. These wires are of the equivalent rating for the shielding cable. The cables further connect the box to the single bonding point for the grounding of the lightning into the water.

防雷箱还具有多个关键元件的连接。这些电线具有屏蔽电缆的等效额定值。电缆进一步将接线盒连接到单个连接点，以便将雷电接地到水中。

连接和接地布置

The bonding and earthing arrangements vary as per the size and nature of the vessel. An oil tanker bonding screw at the hull is different from that of a bulk carrier. A *** silicon or bronze screw electrode has a higher rate of reduction in comparison to other designs.

根据船舶的大小和性质不同，连接和接地的安排也不同。油船船体粘接螺钉与散货船的粘接螺钉不同。与其他设计相比，简单的硅或青铜螺杆电极具有更高的还原率。

These bonding connections are the final point of contact where the lightning safely dissipates into the water. Hence, the safe passage of lightning finally ends with grounding into the sea.

这些连接是闪电安全消散到水中的最终接触点。因此，闪电的安全通道最终以接地入海而告终。

船舶接地和防雷

Ships earthing systems design and the lightning protection system play critical roles in safety. Catastrophic incidents of marine pollution, ship sinking, and loss of life are avoidable with these installations.

船舶接地系统设计和防雷系统在安全方面起着至关重要的作用。这些装置可以避免海洋污染、船舶沉没和人员伤亡等灾难性事件。

Each vessel has a particular choice of installations, with variations in the makers too. However, the basics of lightning handling through a safe passage and finally into the water remains constant.

每艘船舶都有特定的安装选择，制造商也各不相同。然而，通过安全通道并最终进入水中的雷电处理的基本原理保持不变。

With the increasing sensitivity of equipment and the importance of human life, lightning protection is always critical. All these arrangements in place lead to a safer and more efficient shipping operation future.

随着设备灵敏度的提高和人类生命的重要性，防雷一直是至关重要的。所有这些安排都将为未来的航运运营带来更安全、更高效的结果。

作者

劳内克

劳内克·坎塔里亚（RaunekKantharia）是一位海事工程师，后来成为海事作家和专业博客作者。在海上短暂工作后，他于2010年成立了Marine Insight。除了管理Marine Insight，他还为多家海事杂志和网站撰稿。

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