联合国航运组织国际海事组织(IMO)在打击不受监管的“影子船队”中的非法活动方面做出了巨大努力，重点关注从事高风险海上作业的船只。该决议在国际海事组织理事会伦敦会议上获得通过。

该决议重点关注负责船舶登记的船旗国，并敦促它们遵守在法律上限制或禁止海上船对船转运货物的法律。它特别强调了保持STS转移运营计划的最新性的重要性，特别是在跨海转移其他船只时。

当船只有意通过关闭跟踪应答器或隐藏身份来避免被发现时，港口国也必须进行干预。决议建议对这些船只进行更彻底的检查。

这一行动是对所谓“黑暗舰队”日益引起关注的回应。“黑暗舰队”指的是一群从事非法活动的船只，经常与逃避制裁有关。其中包括数百艘为伊朗和俄罗斯等受西方制裁的国家运送原油的旧油轮。

伊朗代表团对该决议表示关切，指出不确定的语言和概念需要所有成员国都能达成一致的明确定义。在此之前，俄罗斯曾声称外部压力导致国际海事组织偏离其主权地位。

根据该决议，如果船只以有风险的方式运营，故意逃避检查，没有足够的责任保险，躲避商业检查，没有明确的公司管理政策，以及采取预防措施保持隐蔽，则被视为“黑暗舰队”的一部分。

这些建议为环境公约和安全提供了最佳做法，但不具有法律约束力。敦促港口加强对跟踪系统停用的可疑船只的检查，并鼓励船只向船旗国报告所有船对船转移的情况。

国际海事组织还通过了第二项决议，谴责俄罗斯干涉刻赤海峡、亚速海和黑海。该解决方案描述了俄罗斯自2014年以来对克里米亚的占领如何影响国际海上供应链和航运。

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英文原文

The United Nations shipping organisation International Maritime Organization (IMO) has made great efforts to combat illegal activities within the unregulated “shadow fleet,” focusing on ships engaged in risky maritime operations. The resolution was approved at the London meeting of the IMO’s governing assembly.

The resolution focuses on flag states in charge of ship registration and urges them to abide by laws that legally restrict or forbid ship-to-ship cargo transfers at sea. It specifically highlights how crucial it is to keep operation plans up to date for STS transfers, particularly when transferring other vessels across the ocean.

When vessels purposefully try to avoid detection by turning off tracking responders or hiding their identities, port states must also intervene. The resolution suggests conducting more thorough inspections of these ships.

The action is a reaction to the rising concern over the so-called “dark fleet,” a group of ships involved in illegal activities frequently linked to evading sanctions. This includes hundreds of old oil tankers carrying crude oil for nations such as Iran and Russia under Western sanctions.

The delegation from Iran voiced concerns regarding the resolution, pointing to uncertain language and concepts that needed clear definitions that all member states could agree upon. Before this, Russia had alleged that outside pressure caused the IMO to deviate from its sovereign status.

According to the resolution, a vessel is considered to be part of the “dark fleet” if it operates in a risky manner, purposefully evades inspections, does not have sufficient liability insurance, avoids commercial screenings, does not have clear corporate governance policies, and takes precautions to stay hidden.

The recommendations provide best practices for environmental conventions and safety but are not legally binding. Ports are urged to conduct enhanced inspections for suspicious ships with deactivated tracking systems, and vessels are encouraged to report all ship-to-ship transfers to flag states.

The IMO also passed a second resolution denouncing Russian meddling in the Kerch Strait, the Sea of Azov, and the Black Sea. The solution describes how Russia’s occupation of Crimea since 2014 has affected international maritime supply chains and shipping.

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